33 research outputs found

    Barriers to Communicating Disaster Response Information to the Public during Disaster Situations

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    Effektive Kommunikation von Gefahrenabwehrinformationen vor, wĂ€hrend und nach einer Katastrophe kann Leben retten und dazu beitragen, dass Betroffene Zugang zu Rettungsmaßnahmen erhalten. In dieser Hinsicht dienen Meldungen dazu, die Allgemeinheit zu informieren und deren Handlungen zu beeinflussen. Dennoch bleiben gewĂŒnschte Reaktionen in vielen FĂ€llen aus, oder erweisen sich als unzureichend um den Folgen von Katastrophen entgegenzuwirken. Somit wird trotz der Veröffentlichung von Warnungen eine große Zahl an Menschen von Katastrophen beeintrĂ€chtigt oder kommt sogar zu Tode. Außerdem leiden viele Menschen im Anschluss an Katastrophen weiter, obwohl Hilfe zur VerfĂŒgung steht. Die Absicht dieser Forschungsarbeit besteht darin festzustellen, welche Faktoren effektive Kommunikation innerhalb einer Katastrophensituation erschweren. Obwohl die jeweiligen Akteure im Katastrophenkommunikationssystem darauf abzielen die Allgemeinheit zu informieren, berĂŒcksichtigen sie Kommunikationsprobleme oft nicht angemessen. Allerdings können Kommunikationsprobleme der Grund dafĂŒr sein, dass Meldungen die Allgemeinheit entweder nicht erreichen, oder nicht vollstĂ€ndig verstanden werden. Je weniger Informationen der Öffentlichkeit zur VerfĂŒgung stehen, desto grĂ¶ĂŸer ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Menschen Entscheidungen fĂ€llen, die ihr Leben gefĂ€hrden. Meine Herangehensweise an dieses Problem erfolgte von der Systemperspektive. Ziel eines jeden Katastrophenkommunikationssystem besteht darin, die öffentliche Sicherheit in Bezug auf eine Katastrophensituation zu gewĂ€hrleisten. Dieses Ziel wird durch den Kommunikationsvorgang erreicht. In aller Regel umfasst ein Katastrophenkommunikationssystem ein komplexes Netzwerk aus Menschen, Organisationen und KommunikationskanĂ€len. Hierbei fungiert das Katastrophenkommunikationssystem im Rahmen einer Katastrophenumgebung, die sich fortlaufend Ă€ndert. Die Kombination aus einem komplexen Kommunikationssystem zum Einen und einer dynamischen Katastrophenumgebung zum Anderen verschĂ€rft Kommunikationsprobleme. Mit Hilfe von drei Fallstudien wurde ein tiefgreifendes VerstĂ€ndnis erlangt, wie Gefahrenabwehrinformationen die Allgemeinheit wĂ€hrend einer Katastrophensituation tatsĂ€chlich erreichen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden Typhoon Haiyan und Hagupit auf den Philippinen sowie das Gorkha Erdbeben in Nepal untersucht. Quantitative Umfragen mit Individuen und lokalen AmtstrĂ€gern aus Katastrophengebieten wurden durchgefĂŒhrt. Mit SchlĂŒsselpersonen aus verschiedenen Regierungs- und Nichtregierungsorganisationen wurden qualitative Befragungen absolviert. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudien erlĂ€utern wie Individuen und Regierungsvertreter in beiden LĂ€ndern im Verlauf einer Katastrophensituation einerseits Informationen ersuchen und andererseits miteinander kommunizieren. Ebenso zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass Verhaltensweisen hinsichtlich Beschaffung und Kommunikation von Informationen von Geschlecht, Standort und Alter abhĂ€ngen. Zugleich haben die Fallstudien dazu beigetragen, die verschiedenen Akteure innerhalb des Katastrophenkommunikationssystems zu benennen und ihre Beziehungen untereinander zu verdeutlichen. Des Weiteren wurden thematische Analysen ausgearbeitet, um fundierte Kenntnisse ĂŒber charakteristische Inhalte der Gefahrenabwehrmeldungen zu gewinnen. Dazu wurden fĂŒr insgesamt 21 Katastrophenereignisse die dazugehörigen Meldungen bezĂŒglich der Sachlage ausgewertet. Die thematischen Analysen fĂŒhrten zur Entwicklung von Klassifikationsschemen. Diese unterteilen den Inhalt einer Gefahrenabwehrmeldung in bestimmte Kategorien um weiterfĂŒhrende Untersuchungen unternehmen zu können. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird eine Methodik zur Analyse der Gefahrenabwehrmeldungen in Echtzeit vorgestellt. Durch das ZusammenfĂŒhren der Fallstudienergebnisse, der thematischen Analysen sowie der Literatur ist ein konzeptionelles Modell fĂŒr ein typisches Katastrophenkommunikationssystem entstanden. Der Zweck des Modells liegt darin, die Diskussion bezĂŒglich KatastrophenkommunikationsplĂ€nen und ProblemlösungsvorschlĂ€gen zu verbessern. Im Hinblick auf die ermittelten Hindernisfaktoren gegenĂŒber effektiver Kommunikation findet dieses Modell Anwendung bei der Frage, wie es Akteure dabei unterstĂŒtzen kann eben solche Hindernisfaktoren zu beheben. Schlussendlich haben die Ergebnisse Auswirkungen auf alle Individuen und Organisationen, die bestrebt sind mit der Öffentlichkeit im Verlauf einer Katastrophe zu kommunizieren

    Identifying Contributions to the Stellar Halo from Accreted, Kicked-Out, and In Situ Populations

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    [Abridged] We present a medium-resolution spectroscopic survey of late-type giant stars at mid-Galactic latitudes of (30∘<∣b∣<60∘^{\circ}<|b|<60^{\circ}), designed to probe the properties of this population to distances of ∌\sim9 kpc. Because M giants are generally metal-rich and we have limited contamination from thin disk stars by the latitude selection, most of the stars in the survey are expected to be members of the thick disk (∌\sim-0.6) with some contribution from the metal-rich component of the nearby halo. Here we report first results for 1799 stars. The distribution of radial velocity (RV) as a function of l for these stars shows (1) the expected thick disk population and (2) local metal-rich halo stars moving at high speeds relative to the disk, that in some cases form distinct sequences in RV-ll space. High-resolution echelle spectra taken for 34 of these "RV outliers" reveal the following patterns across the [Ti/Fe]-[Fe/H] plane: seventeen of the stars have abundances reminiscent of the populations present in dwarf satellites of the Milky Way; eight have abundances coincident with those of the Galactic disk and more metal-rich halo; and nine of the stars fall on the locus defined by the majority of stars in the halo. The chemical abundance trends of the RV outliers suggest that this sample consists predominantly of stars accreted from infalling dwarf galaxies. A smaller fraction of stars in the RV outlier sample may have been formed in the inner Galaxy and subsequently kicked to higher eccentricity orbits, but the sample is not large enough to distinguish conclusively between this interpretation and the alternative that these stars represent the tail of the velocity distribution of the thick disk. Our data do not rule out the possibility that a minority of the sample could have formed from gas {\it in situ} on their current orbits.Comment: 43 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, published in the Astrophysical Journa

    Neuroimaging the consciousness of self: Review, and conceptual-methodological framework

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    We review neuroimaging research investigating self-referential processing (SRP), that is, how we respond to stimuli that reference ourselves, prefaced by a lexical-thematic analysis of words indicative of “self-feelings”. We consider SRP as occurring verbally (V-SRP) and non-verbally (NV-SRP), both in the controlled, “top-down” form of introspective and interoceptive tasks, respectively, as well as in the “bottom-up” spontaneous or automatic form of “mind wandering” and “body wandering” that occurs during resting state. Our review leads us to outline a conceptual and methodological framework for future SRP research that we briefly apply toward understanding certain psychological and neurological disorders symptomatically associated with abnormal SRP. Our discussion is partly guided by William James’ original writings on the consciousness of self

    D1.2 Handbook of multi-hazard, multi-risk definitions and concepts

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    This report is the first output of Work Package 1: Diagnosis of the MYRIAD-EU project: Handbook of Multi-hazard, Multi-Risk Definitions and Concepts. The aim of the task was to (i) acknowledge the differences and promote consistency in understanding across subsequent work packages in the MYRIAD-EU project, (ii) improve the accessibility of our work to a broad array of stakeholders and (iii) strengthen consensus across the hazard and risk community through a common understanding of multi-hazard, multi-risk terminology and concepts. The work encompassed a mixed-methods approach, including internal consultations and data-generating exercises; literature reviews; external stakeholder engagement; adopting and building on a rich existing body of established glossaries. 140 terms are included in the glossary, 102 related to multi-hazard, multi-risk, disaster risk management and an additional 38 due to their relevance to the project, acknowledging the need for a common understanding amongst an interdisciplinary project consortium. We also include extended definitions related to concepts particularly of relevance to this project deliverable, including ‘multi-hazard’, ‘hazard interrelationships’, ‘multi-risk’ and ‘direct and indirect loss and risk’. Underpinned by a literature review and internal consultation, we include a specific section on indicators, how these might be applied within a multi-hazard and multi-risk context, and how existing indicators could be adapted to consider multi-risk management. We emphasise that there are a number of established glossaries that the project (and risk community) should make use of to strengthen the impact of the work we do, noting in our literature review a tendency in papers and reports to define words afresh. We conclude the report with a selection of key observations, including terminology matters – for all aspects of disaster risk management, for example communication, data collection, measuring progress and reporting against Sendai Framework targets. At the same time, we discuss when is it helpful to include ‘multi-‘ as a prefix, questioning whether part of the paradigm shift needed to successfully address complex challenges facing an interconnected world is through inherently seeing vulnerability, exposure and disaster risk through the lens of multiple, interrelated hazards. We emphasise that there is likely to be an evolution of the terminology throughout the project lifetime as terms are emerge or shift as the project evolves. Finally, we propose a roadmap for developing and testing draft multi-risk indicators in MYRIAD-EU. The WP1 team would like to acknowledge all the contributions of the consortium on this task and the feedback from the External Advisory Board, in particular the chair of the board Virginia Murray, Head of Global Disaster Risk Reduction at the UK Health Security Agency, and the contribution of Jenty Kirsch-Wood, Head of Global Risk Management and Reporting at UNDRR, for her reflections on the findings of this work

    Pharmacological characterization of a non-inactivating outward current observed in mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurones

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    Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were used to investigate the properties of a non-inactivating outward current observed in mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurones at a holding potential of -20 mV. Increasing the external potassium (K(+)) concentration from 3 mM to 20 mM produced a rightward shift in the observed reversal potential of approximately 30 mV or approximately 40 mV for a K(+)-or a caesium (Cs(+))-based intracellular solution respectively, indicating the outward current was a K(+) current. The outward current was partially inhibited by the K(+) channel blocker, tetraethylammonium (TEA; IC(50)=0.15 mM). Subsequently, the background or TEA-insensitive current was measured in the presence of 1 mM TEA. The background current was reversibly inhibited by barium (Ba(2+); 300 microM, 50%) and potentiated by the application of arachidonic acid (AA; 1 mM, 62%). The volatile anaesthetic, halothane (1 mM), and the neuroprotectant, riluzole (500 microM), both reversibly inhibited the background current by 54% and 36% respectively. The background current was insensitive to changes in both intracellular and extracellular acidification. The GABA(B) and mu-opioid receptor agonists, baclofen and [D-Ala(2), N-MePhe(4)-Gly-ol(5)] enkephalin (DAMGO) both reversibly potentiated the outward current by 42% and 26% respectively. In contrast, the metabotropic glutamate receptor and acetylcholine receptor agonists, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) and muscarine both reversibly inhibited the outward current by 48% and 42% respectively. These data suggest that cerebellar Purkinje neurones possess a background current which shares several properties with recently cloned two-pore K(+) channels, particularly THIK-1
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